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Create MySQL Tables

※ Download: Mysql create table with primary key

For more detailed information and examples, see. For information about the physical representation of a table, see. If a key is declared as primary, this usually implies that the values in it will rarely be modified. This approach has the advantage of avoiding maintaining a separate keyed varchar column in your tables.

However, InnoDB does not enforce any requirement that the referenced columns be declared UNIQUE or NOT NULL. That is, index entries consist of the first length characters of each column value for , , and columns, and the first length bytes of each column value for , , and columns. In the created table, a PRIMARY KEY is placed first, followed by all UNIQUE indexes, and then the nonunique indexes.

Create MySQL Tables - A PRIMARY KEY can be a multiple-column index. Creating a primary key in an existing table requires ALTER permission on the table.

Some valid select or union statement creates a table with the given name. You must have the privilege for the table. By default, tables are created in the default database, using the storage engine. An error occurs if the table exists, if there is no default database, or if the database does not exist. For information about the physical representation of a table, see. The original statement, including all specifications and table options are stored by MySQL when the table is created. For more information, see. This works regardless of whether there is a default database, assuming that the database exists. If you use quoted identifiers, quote the database and table names separately. Rules for permissible table names are given in. However, there is no verification that the existing table has a structure identical to that indicated by the statement. Temporary Tables You can use the TEMPORARY keyword when creating a table. A TEMPORARY table is visible only within the current session, and is dropped automatically when the session is closed. For more information, see. For more information, see. Column Data Types and Attributes There is a hard limit of 4096 columns per table, but the effective maximum may be less for a given table and depends on the factors discussed in. Prior to MySQL 8. CHARSET is a synonym for CHARACTER SET. Lengths for and are in bytes. Prefix lengths are given in characters for nonbinary string types and in bytes for binary string types. That is, index entries consist of the first length characters of each column value for , , and columns, and the first length bytes of each column value for , , and columns. Indexing only a prefix of column values like this can make the index file much smaller. For additional information about index prefixes, see. Only the InnoDB and MyISAM storage engines support indexing on and columns. You can work around this restriction by creating an index on a generated column that extracts a scalar value from the JSON column. See , for a detailed example. In other cases, you must declare indexed columns as NOT NULL or an error results. For more information about default value handling, including the case that a column definition includes no explicit DEFAULT value, see. If the or SQL mode is enabled and a date-valued default is not correct according to that mode, produces a warning if strict SQL mode is not enabled and an error if strict mode is enabled. For example, with enabled, c1 DATE DEFAULT '2010-00-00' produces a warning. Typically this is value+1, where value is the largest value for the column currently in the table. Inserting a negative number is regarded as inserting a very large positive number. The comment is displayed by the and statements. Permissible column formats are FIXED, DYNAMIC, and DEFAULT. STORAGE DISK causes the column to be stored on disk, and STORAGE MEMORY causes in-memory storage to be used. The STORAGE clause has no effect on tables using storage engines other than. The STORAGE keyword is supported only in the build of that is supplied with NDB Cluster; it is not recognized in any other version of MySQL, where any attempt to use the STORAGE keyword causes a syntax error. For information about , see. InnoDB supports secondary indexes on. Indexes and Foreign Keys Several keywords apply to creation of indexes and foreign keys. For general background in addition to the following descriptions, see , and. A duplicate symbol results in an error. If the clause is not given, or a symbol is not included following the CONSTRAINT keyword, a name for the constraint is created automatically. If they are not explicitly declared as NOT NULL, MySQL declares them so implicitly and silently. A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY. The name of a PRIMARY KEY is always PRIMARY, which thus cannot be used as the name for any other kind of index. If you do not have a PRIMARY KEY and an application asks for the PRIMARY KEY in your tables, MySQL returns the first UNIQUE index that has no NULL columns as the PRIMARY KEY. In InnoDB tables, keep the PRIMARY KEY short to minimize storage overhead for secondary indexes. Each secondary index entry contains a copy of the primary key columns for the corresponding row. In the created table, a PRIMARY KEY is placed first, followed by all UNIQUE indexes, and then the nonunique indexes. This helps the MySQL optimizer to prioritize which index to use and also more quickly to detect duplicated UNIQUE keys. A PRIMARY KEY can be a multiple-column index. However, you cannot create a multiple-column index using the PRIMARY KEY key attribute in a column specification. Doing so only marks that single column as primary. In MySQL, the name of a PRIMARY KEY is PRIMARY. The key attribute PRIMARY KEY can also be specified as just KEY when given in a column definition. This was implemented for compatibility with other database systems. An error occurs if you try to add a new row with a key value that matches an existing row. For all engines, a UNIQUE index permits multiple NULL values for columns that can contain NULL. If you specify a prefix value for a column in a UNIQUE index, the column values must be unique within the prefix length. Only the and storage engines support FULLTEXT indexes. They can be created only from , , and columns. Indexing always happens over the entire column; column prefix indexing is not supported and any prefix length is ignored if specified. See , for details of operation. This clause is valid only for FULLTEXT indexes. See and for more information. Spatial types are supported only for InnoDB and MyISAM tables, and indexed columns must be declared as NOT NULL. For definition and option information, see , and. Partitioned tables employing the storage engine do not support foreign keys. See , for more information. The default is ascending if no order specifier is given. The prefix length limit is 3072 bytes for InnoDB tables that use the or row format. For MyISAM tables, the prefix length limit is 1000 bytes. Prefix limits are measured in bytes. However, prefix lengths for index specifications in , , and statements are interpreted as number of characters for nonbinary string types , , and number of bytes for binary string types , ,. Take this into account when specifying a prefix length for a nonbinary string column that uses a multibyte character set. It can be given before the column list, but support for use of the option in that position is deprecated and will be removed in a future MySQL release. The value is treated as a hint; a different size could be used if necessary. It associates a parser plugin with the index if full-text indexing and searching operations need special handling. If you have a table with an associated full-text parser plugin, you can convert the table to InnoDB using ALTER TABLE. For more information about indexes, see. For information specific to foreign keys in InnoDB, see. The columns of the referenced table must always be explicitly named. Both ON DELETE and ON UPDATE actions on foreign keys are supported. For more detailed information and examples, see. For information specific to foreign keys in InnoDB, see. For other storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY and REFERENCES syntax in statements. Use of an explicit MATCH clause will not have the specified effect, and also causes ON DELETE and ON UPDATE clauses to be ignored. For these reasons, specifying MATCH should be avoided. The MATCH clause in the SQL standard controls how NULL values in a composite multiple-column foreign key are handled when comparing to a primary key. InnoDB essentially implements the semantics defined by MATCH SIMPLE, which permit a foreign key to be all or partially NULL. In that case, the child table row containing such a foreign key is permitted to be inserted, and does not match any row in the referenced parent table. It is possible to implement other semantics using triggers. Additionally, MySQL requires that the referenced columns be indexed for performance. However, InnoDB does not enforce any requirement that the referenced columns be declared UNIQUE or NOT NULL. The handling of foreign key references to nonunique keys or keys that contain NULL values is not well defined for operations such as UPDATE or DELETE CASCADE. You are advised to use foreign keys that reference only keys that are both UNIQUE or PRIMARY and NOT NULL. MySQL accepts REFERENCES clauses only when specified as part of a separate FOREIGN KEY specification. Table Options Table options are used to optimize the behavior of the table. In most cases, you do not have to specify any of them. These options apply to all storage engines unless otherwise indicated. Options that do not apply to a given storage engine may be accepted and remembered as part of the table definition. Such options then apply if you later use to convert the table to use a different storage engine. Storage Engine Description InnoDB Transaction-safe tables with row locking and foreign keys. The default storage engine for new tables. See , and in particular if you have MySQL experience but are new to InnoDB. MyISAM The binary portable storage engine that is primarily used for read-only or read-mostly workloads. MEMORY The data for this storage engine is stored only in memory. CSV Tables that store rows in comma-separated values format. ARCHIVE The archiving storage engine. EXAMPLE An example engine. FEDERATED Storage engine that accesses remote tables. HEAP This is a synonym for MEMORY. MERGE A collection of MyISAM tables used as one table. Clustered, fault-tolerant, memory-based tables, supporting transactions and foreign keys. By default, if a storage engine is specified that is not available, the statement fails with an error. You can override this behavior by removing from the server SQL mode see so that MySQL allows substitution of the specified engine with the default storage engine instead. Normally in such cases, this is InnoDB, which is the default value for the system variable. The value cannot be set lower than the maximum value currently in the column. You need to set this only for large tables with variable-size rows. If you don't specify either option, the maximum size for MyISAM data and index files is 256TB by default. If your operating system does not support files that large, table sizes are constrained by the file size limit. If you want to keep down the pointer sizes to make the index smaller and faster and you don't really need big files, you can decrease the default pointer size by setting the system variable. If you want all your tables to be able to grow above the default limit and are willing to have your tables slightly slower and larger than necessary, you can increase the default pointer size by setting this variable. Setting the value to 7 permits table sizes up to 65,536TB. CHARSET is a synonym for CHARACTER SET. If the character set name is DEFAULT, the database character set is used. This makes the table a little slower to update, but also makes it easier to find corrupted tables. The statement reports the checksum. The string is case-insensitive. The comment is displayed as part of the ouput of. This comment syntax is also supported with statements for NDB tables. Keep in mind that a table comment used with ALTER TABLE replaces any existing comment which the table might have had perviously. For complete syntax information and examples, see. Supported values include Zlib, LZ4, and None. The COMPRESSION attribute was introduced with the transparent page compression feature. Page compression is only supported with InnoDB tables that reside in tablespaces, and is only available on Linux and Windows platforms that support sparse files and hole punching. For more information, see. Note Older versions of MySQL used a COMMENT option for the connection string. The tablespace data file is created in the specified directory, inside a subdirectory with the same name as the schema. The variable must be enabled to use the DATA DIRECTORY clause. The full directory path must be specified. For more information, see. They specify where to put a MyISAM table's data file and index file, respectively. Unlike InnoDB tables, MySQL does not create subdirectories that correspond to the database name when creating a MyISAM table with a DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY option. Files are created in the directory that is specified. You must have the privilege to use the DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY table option. Important Table-level DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY options are ignored for partitioned tables. Bug 32091 These options work only when you are not using the option. Your operating system must also have a working, thread-safe realpath call. See , for more complete information. If a MyISAM table is created with no DATA DIRECTORY option, the. MYD file is created in the database directory. By default, if MyISAM finds an existing. MYD file in this case, it overwrites it. The same applies to. MYI files for tables created with no INDEX DIRECTORY option. To suppress this behavior, start the server with the option, in which case MyISAM will not overwrite existing files and returns an error instead. If a MyISAM table is created with a DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY option and an existing. MYI file is found, MyISAM always returns an error. It will not overwrite a file in the specified directory. Important You cannot use path names that contain the MySQL data directory with DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY. This includes partitioned tables and individual table partitions. See the description of the system variable in. Option values are not case-sensitive. The ENCRYPTION option was introduced with the InnoDB tablespace encryption feature; see. A keyring plugin must be installed and configured to use the ENCRYPTION option. Use a value of FIRST or LAST to have inserts go to the first or last table, or a value of NO to prevent inserts. The value is treated as a hint; a different size could be used if necessary. A value of 0 represents the default compressed page size, which is half of the value. See for more information. InnoDB table compression does not support these pages sizes. This is not a hard limit, but rather a hint to the storage engine that the table must be able to store at least this many rows. It remains supported in later versions for backward compatibility, but is subject to removal in a future release. The storage engine treats this value as a maximum. The storage engine uses this option as a hint about memory use. Set this option to 1 if you want to have smaller indexes. This usually makes updates slower and reads faster. Setting the option to 0 disables all packing of keys. Setting it to DEFAULT tells the storage engine to pack only long , , , or columns. Conversely, you get a significant benefit from prefix compression only if you have many numbers that are the same. If all keys are totally different, you use one byte more per key, if the key is not a key that can have NULL values. In this case, the packed key length is stored in the same byte that is used to mark if a key is NULL. When executing a statement with disabled, if you specify a row format that is not supported by the storage engine that is used for the table, the table is created using that storage engine's default row format. Row format choices differ depending on the storage engine used for the table. For more information, see. See for requirements associated with the DYNAMIC row format. See for requirements associated with the COMPRESSED row format. For MyISAM tables, the option value can be FIXED or DYNAMIC for static or variable-length row format. The value DEFAULT causes the persistent statistics setting for the table to be determined by the configuration option. The value 1 causes statistics to be recalculated when 10% of the data in the table has changed. The value 0 prevents automatic recalculation for this table; with this setting, issue an statement to recalculate the statistics after making substantial changes to the table. For more information about the persistent statistics feature, see. The value DEFAULT causes the persistent statistics setting for the table to be determined by the configuration option. The value 1 enables persistent statistics for the table, while the value 0 turns off this feature. After enabling persistent statistics through a CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement, issue an statement to calculate the statistics, after loading representative data into the table. For more information about the persistent statistics feature, see. For more information, see. For information about general tablespaces, see. It may be quoted or unquoted. InnoDB tables are created in file-per-table tablespaces by default when is enabled. The DATA DIRECTORY clause is permitted with CREATE TABLE... This works only with MERGE tables. You must have , , and privileges for the tables you map to a MERGE table. Note Formerly, all tables used had to be in the same database as the MERGE table itself. This restriction no longer applies. Please see the listings for the following individual types for information specific to each type, and see , for more complete information about the workings of and uses for partitioning in MySQL, as well as additional examples of table creation and other statements relating to MySQL partitioning. Partitions can be modified, merged, added to tables, and dropped from tables. For basic information about the MySQL statements to accomplish these tasks, see. For more detailed descriptions and examples, see. This clause contains the function that is used to determine the partition; the function returns an integer value ranging from 1 to num, where num is the number of partitions. The maximum number of user-defined partitions which a table may contain is 1024; the number of subpartitions—discussed later in this section—is included in this maximum. Note The expression expr used in a PARTITION BY clause cannot refer to any columns not in the table being created; such references are specifically not permitted and cause the statement to fail with an error. This can be any valid MySQL expression including MySQL functions that yields a single integer value. For example, these are both valid statements using PARTITION BY HASH: CREATE TABLE t1 col1 INT, col2 CHAR 5 PARTITION BY HASH col1 ; CREATE TABLE t1 col1 INT, col2 CHAR 5 , col3 DATETIME PARTITION BY HASH YEAR col3 ; You may not use either VALUES LESS THAN or VALUES IN clauses with PARTITION BY HASH. PARTITION BY HASH uses the remainder of expr divided by the number of partitions that is, the modulus. For examples and additional information, see. The LINEAR keyword entails a somewhat different algorithm. In this case, the number of the partition in which a row is stored is calculated as the result of one or more logical operations. For discussion and examples of linear hashing, see. This example shows a simple table partitioned by key, with 4 partitions: CREATE TABLE tk col1 INT, col2 CHAR 5 , col3 DATE PARTITION BY KEY col3 PARTITIONS 4; For tables that are partitioned by key, you can employ linear partitioning by using the LINEAR keyword. This has the same effect as with tables that are partitioned by HASH. That is, the partition number is found using the operator rather than the modulus see , and , for details. Partitioned tables created with the key-hashing functions employed in MySQL 5. For more information, see. If you plan to load a dump made on a MySQL 5. The information found there also applies if you are loading a dump containing KEY partitioned or subpartitioned tables made from a MySQL 5. Also in MySQL 5. You may not use either VALUES LESS THAN or VALUES IN clauses with PARTITION BY KEY. When using range partitioning, you must define at least one partition using VALUES LESS THAN. You cannot use VALUES IN with range partitioning. Note For tables partitioned by RANGE, VALUES LESS THAN must be used with either an integer literal value or an expression that evaluates to a single integer value. Suppose that you have a table that you wish to partition on a column containing year values, according to the following scheme. VALUES LESS THAN clauses work sequentially in a manner similar to that of the case portions of a switch... That is, the clauses must be arranged in such a way that the upper limit specified in each successive VALUES LESS THAN is greater than that of the previous one, with the one referencing MAXVALUE coming last of all in the list. It enables you to specify value ranges in multiple columns by using a list of columns in the COLUMNS clause and a set of column values in each PARTITION... In the simplest case, this set consists of a single column. Columns using BLOB, TEXT, SET, ENUM, BIT, or spatial data types are not permitted; columns that use floating-point number types are also not permitted. You also may not use functions or arithmetic expressions in the COLUMNS clause. The VALUES LESS THAN clause used in a partition definition must specify a literal value for each column that appears in the COLUMNS clause; that is, the list of values used for each VALUES LESS THAN clause must contain the same number of values as there are columns listed in the COLUMNS clause. An attempt to use more or fewer values in a VALUES LESS THAN clause than there are in the COLUMNS clause causes the statement to fail with the error Inconsistency in usage of column lists for partitioning.... You cannot use NULL for any value appearing in VALUES LESS THAN. It is possible to use MAXVALUE more than once for a given column other than the first, as shown in this example: CREATE TABLE rc a INT NOT NULL, b INT NOT NULL PARTITION BY RANGE COLUMNS a,b PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN 10,5 , PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN 20,10 , PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN 50,MAXVALUE , PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN 65,MAXVALUE , PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE,MAXVALUE ; Each value used in a VALUES LESS THAN value list must match the type of the corresponding column exactly; no conversion is made. For example, you cannot use the string '1' for a value that matches a column that uses an integer type you must use the numeral 1 instead , nor can you use the numeral 1 for a value that matches a column that uses a string type in such a case, you must use a quoted string: '1'. For more information, see , and. In such a case, all rows pertaining to a certain state or country can be assigned to a single partition, or a partition can be reserved for a certain set of states or countries. It is similar to RANGE, except that only VALUES IN may be used to specify permissible values for each partition. VALUES IN is used with a list of values to be matched. You cannot use VALUES LESS THAN with PARTITION BY LIST. Note For tables partitioned by LIST, the value list used with VALUES IN must consist of integer values only. It enables you to specify values in multiple columns by using a list of columns in the COLUMNS clause and a set of column values in each PARTITION... There is one important difference between the list of values used for VALUES IN with PARTITION BY LIST COLUMNS as opposed to when it is used with PARTITION BY LIST. When used with PARTITION BY LIST COLUMNS, each element in the VALUES IN clause must be a set of column values; the number of values in each set must be the same as the number of columns used in the COLUMNS clause, and the data types of these values must match those of the columns and occur in the same order. In the simplest case, the set consists of a single column. If both this clause and any PARTITION clauses are used, num must be equal to the total number of any partitions that are declared using PARTITION clauses. Note Whether or not you use a PARTITIONS clause in creating a table that is partitioned by RANGE or LIST, you must still include at least one PARTITION VALUES clause in the table definition see below. This can be indicated by using the optional SUBPARTITION BY clause. Subpartitioning may be done by HASH or KEY. Either of these may be LINEAR. These work in the same way as previously described for the equivalent partitioning types. It is not possible to subpartition by LIST or RANGE. The number of subpartitions can be indicated using the SUBPARTITIONS keyword followed by an integer value. For example, PARTITIONS 0. This is used to determine which rows are to be stored in this partition. See the discussions of partitioning types in , for syntax examples. Currently, the only way in which this option can be used is to set all partitions or all subpartitions to the same storage engine, and an attempt to set different storage engines for partitions or subpartitions in the same table will give rise to the error ERROR 1469 HY000 : The mix of handlers in the partitions is not permitted in this version of MySQL. You must have the privilege to use the DATA DIRECTORY or INDEX DIRECTORY partition option. One data directory and one index directory may be specified per partition. If left unspecified, the data and indexes are stored by default in the table's database directory. The DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY options are ignored for creating partitioned tables if is in effect. All partitions must belong to the same storage engine. Placing InnoDB table partitions in shared InnoDB tablespaces is not supported. Shared tablespaces include the InnoDB system tablespace and general tablespaces. Each of these consists at a minimum of the SUBPARTITION name, where name is an identifier for the subpartition. Except for the replacement of the PARTITION keyword with SUBPARTITION, the syntax for a subpartition definition is identical to that for a partition definition. Subpartitioning must be done by HASH or KEY, and can be done only on RANGE or LIST partitions. Partitioning by Generated Columns Partitioning by generated columns is permitted. For example: CREATE TABLE t1 s1 INT, s2 INT AS EXP s1 STORED PARTITION BY LIST s2 PARTITION p1 VALUES IN 1 ; Partitioning sees a generated column as a regular column, which enables workarounds for limitations on functions that are not permitted for partitioning see. The preceding example demonstrates this technique: cannot be used directly in the PARTITION BY clause, but a generated column defined using is permitted. As a suggestion, if you're looking to implement some form of alpha-numeric, auto incrementing, primary key you can achieve the same functionality with a regular int-type key. The trick is convert the integer value into a suitable alpha numeric version, ideally through stored functions. That way when a user requests the alpha numeric value, say '5xzz2', a stored function would translate this into a raw int which would match the id in your table. This approach has the advantage of avoiding maintaining a separate keyed varchar column in your tables. The process to convert a decimal key to an alphanumeric string is essentially the same as converting to a hexadecimal, here's a basic breakdown of a JavaScript version: You'd just be expanding this algorithm to include as many characters as needed.

Of course, you could write your system to prevent users from changing their email address or sharing it, but your system wouldn't be very flexible or user friendly. Example Let's look at an example of how to create a primary key using the CREATE TABLE statement in MySQL. Indexing only a prefix of column values like this can make the index file much smaller. If a MyISAM table is created with no DATA DIRECTORY option, the. I have a table with fields EmployeeID blahblah blahblah2. MySQL: Primary Keys This MySQL tutorial explains how to create and drop a primary key in MySQL with syntax and examples. For other storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY and REFERENCES syntax in statements. By default, tables are created in the default database, using the storage engine. The maximum number of user-defined partitions which a table may contain is 1024; the number of subpartitions—discussed later in this section—is included in this maximum.

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